Universal Serial Bus (USB) ishobora kuba imwe mu mbuga zikoresha uburyo bwinshi ku isi. Yatangijwe bwa mbere na Intel na Microsoft kandi ifite uburyo bwo gusohora no gukina bushoboka. Kuva aho USB interface itangiriye mu 1994, nyuma y'imyaka 26 itera imbere, binyuze muri USB 1.0/1.1, USB2.0, USB 3.x, yaje gutera imbere igera kuri USB4 y'ubu; Igipimo cyo kohereza amakuru cyariyongereye kuva kuri 1.5Mbps kigera kuri 40Gbps iheruka. Kuri ubu, si telefoni zigezweho gusa zikoresha ubwoko bwa Type-C, ahubwo na mudasobwa zo mu ntoki, kamera za digitale, indangururamajwi zigezweho, amashanyarazi agendanwa n'ibindi bikoresho byatangiye gukoresha uburyo bwa TYPE-C bukoreshwa na USB interface, bwashyizwe mu rwego rw'imodoka neza. Aho gukoresha USB-A, Tesla Model 3 nshya ifite ports za usB-C, kandi Apple yahinduye burundu MacBooks na AirPods Pro zayo mo ports za USB Type-C zo kohereza no gusharija amakuru. Byongeye kandi, hakurikijwe ibisabwa na EU, Apple izakoresha kandi USB type-c interface muri iPhone15 iri imbere, kandi nta gushidikanya ko USB4 izaba ari yo interface nyamukuru y'ibicuruzwa ku isoko ry'ejo hazaza.
Ibisabwa ku nsinga za USB4
Impinduka ikomeye muri USB4 nshya ni ukwinjizwa kwa protocole ya Thunderbolt Intel yasangiye na usb-if. Ikoresheje link ebyiri, bandwidth yikubye kabiri igera kuri 40Gbps, kandi Tunnelling ishyigikira protocole nyinshi z'amakuru n'izerekana. Ingero zirimo PCI Express na DisplayPort. Byongeye kandi, USB4 igumana imikoranire myiza n'iyinjizwa rya protocole nshya, ikaba ihuza na USB3.2/3.1/3.0/2.0, ndetse na Thunderbolt 3. Kubera iyo mpamvu, USB4 yabaye urwego rugoye cyane rwa USB kugeza ubu, isaba abashushanya gusobanukirwa imiterere ya USB4, USB3.2, USB2.0, USB Type-C na USB Power Delivery. Byongeye kandi, abashushanya bagomba gusobanukirwa imiterere ya PCI Express na DisplayPort, ndetse n'ikoranabuhanga rya HIGH-DEFINITION content protection (HDCP) rijyanye na USB4 DisplayPort mode, kandi insinga n'ibihuza tuzi bifite ibisabwa byo hejuru kugira ngo byuzuze ibisabwa mu mikorere y'amashanyarazi y'ibikoresho bya USB4 byarangiye.
Verisiyo ya USB4 ya coaxial yavuye ahantu hatazwi
Mu gihe cya USB3.1 10G, inganda nyinshi zakoresheje imiterere ya coaxial kugira ngo zihuze n'ibisabwa kugira ngo zikore neza cyane. Verisiyo ya coaxial ntiyigeze ikoreshwa muri USB series mbere, ikoreshwa ryayo rigizwe ahanini na Notebook, telefoni igendanwa, GPS, igikoresho cyo gupimisha, ikoranabuhanga rya Bluetooth, nibindi. Imikoreshereze rusange y'insinga ni umurongo wa coaxial w'ubuvuzi, umurongo wa teflon coaxial electronic, insinga ya coaxial ya radiyo, nibindi, hamwe n'ibisabwa ku isoko mu kugenzura ikiguzi cy'umusaruro, mu gihe cya USB3.1 cyo gufunga kugira ngo bihuze n'imikorere y'ibicuruzwa byihuta cyane, ariko hamwe n'isoko rya USB4 ry'ibisabwa byo kohereza amakuru menshi cyane, kandi ibyo kohereza amakuru byihuta cyane, insinga ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kurwanya ingaruka mbi n'imikorere ihamye y'amashanyarazi. Kugira ngo kohereza amakuru menshi bikomeze, USB4 isanzwe iracyari verisiyo nyamukuru ya coaxial, inzira yo gukora no gukora coaxial ni inzira igoye, kugira ngo gukemura ikoreshwa rya frequency nyinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi bisaba ibikoresho bikwiye byo gukora no gukora neza kandi mu buryo buhamye. Mu gukora ibicuruzwa, guhitamo ibikoresho, ibipimo by'imikorere n'igenzura ry'imikorere, ibipimo by'amashanyarazi by'ibizamini byihariye bya laboratwari bigira uruhare runini, mu mbogamizi zose z'iterambere ry'imiterere ya coaxial, uretse ko (igiciro cy'ibikoresho, ikiguzi cyo gutunganya gihenze) ibindi ari byiza, ariko iterambere ry'isoko rihora rigaruka ku buryo bwo kugera ku giciro kinini, verisiyo ya Pair of twist yahoraga iri mu cyuho cy'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'iterambere rya coaxial.
Bishobora kugaragara uhereye ku miterere y'umurongo wa coaxial, uhereye imbere ujya hanze, uko bikurikirana: kondakita yo hagati, urwego rukingira ubushyuhe, urwego rwo hanze ruyobora (mesh y'icyuma), uruhu rw'insinga. Insinga ya coaxial ni ihuriro rigizwe n'insinga ebyiri. Insinga yo hagati y'insinga ya coaxial ikoreshwa mu kohereza ibimenyetso. Urushundura rwo kurinda icyuma rugira inshingano ebyiri: imwe ni ugutanga umurongo w'amashanyarazi w'ikimenyetso nk'ubutaka buhuriweho, indi ni uguhagarika urusaku rw'amashanyarazi ku kimenyetso nk'urushundura rwo kurinda. Insinga yo hagati n'urusobe rw'uburinzi hagati y'urwego rukingira rwa polypropylene rukora ifuro, urwego rukingira rugena imiterere y'insinga, kandi rugakingira neza insinga yo hagati, ihenze bifite impamvu ihenze.
Verisiyo ya USB4 twisted pair iraje?
Uko imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ikora ku murongo wo hejuru, imiterere y'amashanyarazi y'ibice by'amashanyarazi irushaho kugorana kuyimenya. Iyo ingano y'ibice cyangwa ingano yose y'uruziga ugereranije n'uburebure bw'umurambararo w'umurambararo w'imikorere irenze imwe, agaciro k'ubushobozi bw'umurambararo w'umurambararo, cyangwa ibice bitera ingaruka mbi ku miterere y'ibikoresho n'ibindi, ndetse no mu gihe twakoreshaga imiterere y'imiyoboro y'insinga, isuzuma ry'ibanze ry'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ntirishobora kuzuza ibisabwa n'abakiriya, kandi ryoroshye kurusha verisiyo ya coaxial y'imiterere n'umurambararo wayo biri kure, Kuki ntashobora gukoresha USB mu byiciro? Muri rusange, uko imiyoboro ikoreshwa cyane, uko umurambararo w'ikimenyetso uba mugufi, kandi uko umurambararo uba muto, niko ingaruka nziza zo kuringaniza zirushaho kuba nziza. Ariko, umurambararo muto cyane w'umurambararo uzana umusaruro muke no gucika kw'insinga z'ibanze. Umurambararo w'umurambararo ni muto cyane, umubare wa torsion ni mwinshi, kandi stress ya torsion ku gice iba yiganjemo cyane, bigatera kwangirika gukomeye no kwangirika k'urwego rw'ingufu, kandi amaherezo bigatera kugoreka k'umurima wa electromagnetic, bigira ingaruka ku bimenyetso bimwe na bimwe by'amashanyarazi nka agaciro ka SRL no kugabanuka. Iyo hari ubushyuhe budasanzwe, intera iri hagati y’amakuru ayobora ihinduka rimwe na rimwe bitewe n’impinduka n’izunguruka ry’umurongo umwe urinda ubushyuhe, ibyo bigatuma habaho ihindagurika ry’impedansi rimwe na rimwe. Igihe cyo guhinduka ni kirekire. Mu ihererekanyamakuru ry’ingufu nyinshi, iri hinduka rito rishobora kugaragara hakoreshejwe imiraba ya elegitoroniki kandi rikagira ingaruka ku giciro cyo gutakaza. Verisiyo ya USB4 ntabwo ishobora gukoreshwa mu byiciro.
Ntabwo ari hasi, ariko ntabwo nshaka gukoresha coaxial yawe y'urupfu, bityo abantu batangiye kugenzura itandukaniro ry'uburyo bwo gukingira USB4 bwo gukora ibicuruzwa, kugira ngo bazunguruke ikibazo gikomeye ni conductor yoroshye kuzunguruka, kandi itandukaniro riri hagati ya paki ihuriranye neza n'umukoro, wirinde gucika intege kwa conductor, nkuko twese tubizi, ubu IKORESHA itandukaniro rya SAS, SFP + nibindi bikoreshwa mu murongo w'umuvuduko mwinshi, Birahagije kwerekana ko imikorere yabyo igomba kuba iri hejuru y'inyuma yashyizwemo, uruhare rw'ingenzi rw'umurongo w'amakuru ugenda wiyongera ni ugutanga ibimenyetso by'amakuru, ariko iyo tuyakoresheje hirya no hino hashobora kugaragara ubwoko bwose bw'amakuru avangavanze. Reka dutekereze niba ibi bimenyetso by'ibanga byinjira mu murongo w'amakuru imbere bigashyira ku kimenyetso cy'umwimerere cyoherejwe, ese birashoboka kubangamira cyangwa guhindura ikimenyetso cy'umwimerere cyoherejwe, bityo bigatera igihombo cy'ingirakamaro cyangwa ibibazo? Itandukaniro ry'urwego rwa aluminiyumu ni uguha amakuru kugira ngo agire uruhare mu kurinda no gukingira, akoreshwa mu kugabanya ingaruka z'ibimenyetso byo hanze byigenga byo kohereza, ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'umukandara wo gufunga no gukingira ni ugukoresha urushinge rwa aluminiyumu, uruhande rumwe cyangwa uruhande rubiri rwo gutwikira icyuma cya pulasitiki, icyuma gikozwe muri aluminiyumu gikoreshwa nk'igikingirizo cy'insinga. Urushinge rw'insinga rusaba amavuta make hejuru, nta myobo n'imiterere myinshi ya mekanike. Uburyo bwo gupfunyika ni uguteranya insinga ebyiri zometse hamwe n'insinga zo hasi binyuze mu mashini ipfunyika. Muri icyo gihe, urwego rwa aluminiyumu n'urwego rwa kaseti ya polyester yifata ku mugati wo hanze bikoreshwa mu gukingira insinga no gushimangira imiterere y'insinga zometse. Iyi nzira igira ingaruka zikomeye ku miterere y'insinga, harimo impedance, gutinda gutandukana, gucika intege, kuko ibi bigomba gukorwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'ubukorikori, gukora isuzuma ku miterere y'amashanyarazi, kugira ngo hamenyekane ko insinga zometse zihuye n'ibisabwa. Birumvikana ko imirongo yose y'amakuru atari ifite urwego rubiri rwo gukingira. Zimwe zifite urwego rwinshi, izindi zifite urwego rumwe gusa, cyangwa nta na rumwe na rumwe. Gukingira ni ugutandukanya uturere tubiri tw’ikirere kugira ngo hagenzurwe uburyo imirasire y’amashanyarazi, rukuruzi na rukuruzi ikwirakwira mu gace kamwe ijya mu kandi. Mu buryo bw’umwihariko, inkingi y’amashanyarazi izengurutswe n’agace kayikingira kugira ngo kayirinde ko yangizwa n’ikimenyetso cy’amashanyarazi/ikimenyetso cyo hanze cya electromagnetic field/interference, no gukumira ko electromagnetic field/signal ya electromagnetic field/interference yakwirakwira hanze. Isuzuma ry’ikimenyetso cya USB differential pair rishobora kugereranywa n’ikimenyetso cya coaxial, differential pair cya USB4 kirimo kuza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-16-2022
